Wheelock's · Reference

Verbōrum Index

Wheelock's Latin · Chapters 1–40 · 199 verbs

1st conjugation

1st conjugation — verbs with -ā- (long -a-) in the stem.

Example: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātumto love

  • Present stem: remove -re from the infinitive (amāre) → amā-.
  • Perfect stem: remove from the perfect (amāvī) → amāv-.

Most 1st conjugation verbs follow the pattern laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum. The long -ā- identifies the conjugation in the present, and the perfect typically forms with a -v- suffix.

2nd conjugation

2nd conjugation — verbs with -ē- (long -e-) in the stem.

Example: videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsumto see

  • Present stem: remove -re from the infinitive (vidēre) → vidē-.
  • Perfect stem: remove from the perfect (vīdī) → vīd-.

2nd conjugation verbs usually show a long -ē- in the present stem. The perfect often adds -u- or lengthens the stem vowel: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum; habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum; videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum.

3rd conjugation

3rd conjugation — verbs with a short -e- in the infinitive (-ere).

Example: dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductumto lead

  • Present stem: remove -re from the infinitive (dūcere) → dūce-dūc-.
  • Perfect stem: remove from the perfect (dūxī) → dūx-.

Many 3rd conjugation verbs change the stem in the perfect by adding -s-: scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum; mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum. The present stem looks like mitt-, but the perfect stem is mīs-. A subset (3rd-iō) takes -iō endings: capiō, capere, cēpī, captum.

4th conjugation

4th conjugation — verbs with -ī- (long -i-) in the stem.

Example: audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītumto hear

  • Present stem: remove -re from the infinitive (audīre) → audī-.
  • Perfect stem: remove from the perfect (audīvī) → audīv-.

4th conjugation verbs show a long -ī- in the present stem. The perfect usually adds -īv-, or sometimes uses a shortened form: veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum.

irr. irregular

Irregular verbs do not follow the normal conjugation patterns.

Example: sum, esse, fuī, futūrusto be

  • The present tense is completely irregular: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt.
  • The perfect uses a different stem fu-: fuī, fuistī, fuit, etc.

Other high-frequency irregulars:

  • possum, posse, potuī — formed from pot- + sum, meaning “to be able”.
  • volō, velle, voluī — “to want”, with irregular present and perfect stems.

For irregular verbs, students simply memorise the key forms and their meanings instead of trying to build them from a regular present and perfect stem.

def. defective & deponent

Defective verbs lack some forms: they may be missing a present, an infinitive, or even an entire tense.

  • meminī — perfect in form (“I remembered”) but translated as present: “I remember.”
  • ōdī — perfect in form, present in meaning: “I hate.”
  • coepī, coepisse, coeptus — “I began”, normally used only in the perfect system.

Deponent verbs are passive in form but active in meaning. They are listed with their three principal parts ending in -or, -ī, -us sum.

  • patior, patī, passus sum — “to suffer, to endure.”
  • tueor, tuērī, tūtus sum — “to watch over, to protect.”
199 verbs
A
17 verbs
  • abeō abīre, abiī, abitum
    irr. Chapter 37 to go away
  • accēdō accēdere, accessī, accessum
    3RD Chapter 36 to approach, be added, be included
  • accipiō accipere, accēpī, acceptus
    3RD-IO Chapter 24 to receive
  • adeō adīre, adīvī/adiī, aditus
    irr. Chapter 37 to go to
  • adiuvō adiuvāre, adiūvī, adiūtum
    1ST Chapter 4 to help, assist, support
  • afferō afferre, attulī, allātus
    irr. Chapter 31 to bring to
  • agō agere, ēgī, āctus
    3RD Chapter 8 to drive, do, act, concern oneself with
  • āiō
    def. Chapter 25 to say, affirm, say yes
  • alō alere, aluī, altus
    3RD Chapter 13 to nourish
  • ambulō ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātum
    1ST Chapter 39 to walk
  • āmittō āmittere, āmīsī, āmīssus
    3RD Chapter 12 to send away, lose
  • amō amāre, amāvī, amātus
    1ST Chapter 1 to love
  • appellō appellāre, appellāvī, appellātus
    1ST Chapter 14 to call
  • arbitror arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to judge, consider, think
  • audeō audēre, ausus sum
    dep. Chapter 7 to dare
  • audiō audīre, audīvī, audītus
    4TH Chapter 10 to hear
  • āvertō avertere, avertī, aversus
    3RD Chapter 23 to turn away
B
1 verb
  • bibō bibere, bibī
    3RD Chapter 30 to drink
C
20 verbs
  • cadō cadere, cecidī, cāsum
    3RD Chapter 12 to fall
  • capiō capere, cēpī, captus
    3RD-IO Chapter 10 to seize
  • careō carēre, caruī, caritus
    2ND Chapter 20 to be without
  • carpō carpere, carpsī, carptum
    3RD Chapter 36 to pluck, seize; criticize
  • cēdō cēdere, cessī, cessum
    3RD Chapter 28 to yield
  • cēnō cēnāre, cēnāvī, cēnātus
    1ST Chapter 5 to dine
  • cernō cernere, crēvī, crētus
    3RD Chapter 22 to discern, separate
  • coepī coepisse, coeptum
    def. Chapter 17 to begin
  • cōgitō cōgitāre, cōgitāvī, cōgitātus
    1ST Chapter 1 to think
  • cognōscō cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus
    3RD Chapter 30 to learn, understand, inquire
  • cōgō cogere, coēgī, coāctus
    3RD Chapter 36 to drive together; compel
  • cōnor cōnārī, cōnātus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to try, attempt
  • cōnsūmō cōnsūmere, cōnsūmpsī, cōnsūmptus
    3RD Chapter 30 to use up, consume
  • contemnō contemnere, contempsī, contemptus
    3RD Chapter 36 to despise, scorn
  • contineō continēre, continuī, contentus
    2ND Chapter 21 to contain, restrain
  • crēdō crēdere, crēdidī, crēditus
    3RD Chapter 25 to trust, believe
  • crēscō crēscere, crēvī, crētus
    3RD Chapter 34 to grow, increase
  • cupiō cupere, cupiī/cupīvī, cupītus
    3RD-IO Chapter 17 to desire
  • cūrō cūrāre, cūrāvī, cūrātus
    1ST Chapter 36 to care for
  • currō currere, cucurrī, cursus
    3RD Chapter 14 to run
D
16 verbs
  • dēbeō dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus
    2ND Chapter 1 to owe; ought
  • dēfendō dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfensus
    3RD Chapter 20 to defend, ward off
  • dēlectō dēlectāre, dēlectāvī, dēlectātus
    1ST Chapter 19 to divert, attract, delight
  • dēleō dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētus
    2ND Chapter 17 to destroy
  • dēmōnstrō dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus
    1ST Chapter 8 to indicate, show clearly
  • dēsīderō dēsīderāre, dēsīderāvī, dēsīderātus
    1ST Chapter 17 to long for, desire greatly
  • dīcō dīcere, dīxī, dictus
    3RD Chapter 10 to say, speak
  • dīligō dīligere, dīlēxī, dīlēctus
    3RD Chapter 13 to choose; love
  • discēdō discēdere, discessī, discessum
    3RD Chapter 20 to go away, depart
  • discō discere, didicī
    3RD Chapter 8 to learn
  • dare, dedī, datus
    irr. Chapter 1 to give
  • doceō docēre, docuī, doctus
    2ND Chapter 8 to teach
  • doleō dolēre, doluī, dolitus
    2ND Chapter 31 to feel pain/grief
  • dormiō dormīre, dormīvī, dormītum
    4TH Chapter 31 to sleep
  • dubitō dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātus
    1ST Chapter 30 to hesitate, doubt
  • dūcō dūcere, dūxī, ductus
    3RD Chapter 8 to lead; consider
E
9 verbs
  • ēducō –āre, –āvī, –ātum
    1ST Chapter 23 to bring up educate
  • ēgredior ēgredī, ēgressus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to depart
  • ēiciō ēicere, ēiēcī, ēiectus
    3RD-IO Chapter 15 to throw out, expel
  • īre, iī/īvī, itum
    irr. Chapter 37 to go
  • ēripiō ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptus
    3RD-IO Chapter 22 to tear away, snatch away
  • errō errāre, errāvī, errātus
    1ST Chapter 1 to wander, err
  • exeō exīre, exīvī/exiī, exitus
    irr. Chapter 37 to go forth
  • expōnō expōnere, exposuī, expositus
    3RD Chapter 30 to abandon
  • exspectō exspectāre, exspectāvī, exspectātus
    1ST Chapter 15 to wait for, expect
F
8 verbs
  • faciō facere, fēcī, factus
    3RD-IO Chapter 10 to do, make
  • fateor fatērī, fassus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to confess, admit
  • fatīgō fatīgāre, fatīgāvī, fatīgātus
    1ST Chapter 40 to tire, wear out
  • ferō ferre, tulī, lātus
    irr. Chapter 31 to bear, carry, report
  • fiō fierī, factus sum
    irr. Chapter 36 to become
  • fluō fluere, flūxī, fluxus
    3RD Chapter 18 to flow
  • for fārī, fātus sum
    dep. Chapter 40 to speak, say
  • fugiō fugere, fūgī, fugitus
    3RD-IO Chapter 10 to flee, escape
G
2 verbs
  • gaudeō gaudēre, gāvīsus sum
    dep. Chapter 23 to be glad
  • gerō gerere, gessī, gestus
    3RD Chapter 8 to bear, manage
H
2 verbs
  • habeō habēre, habuī, habitus
    2ND Chapter 3 to have, hold
  • hortor hortārī, hortātus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to urge
I
13 verbs
  • iaceō iacēre, iacuī
    2ND Chapter 25 to lie
  • iaciō iacere, iēcī, iactus
    3RD-IO Chapter 15 to throw
  • īgnōscō īgnōscere, īgnōvī, īgnōtus
    3RD Chapter 35 to pardon, forgive
  • imperō imperāre, imperāvī, imperātus
    1ST Chapter 35 to command, control
  • incipiō incipere, incēpī, inceptus
    3RD-IO Chapter 17 to begin
  • inquam inquis, inquit, inquiunt
    def. Chapter 22 to say
  • intellegō intellegere, intellēxī, intellēctus
    3RD Chapter 11 to understand
  • interficiō interficere, interfēcī, interfectus
    3RD-IO Chapter 37 to kill
  • inveniō invenīre, invēnī, inventus
    4TH Chapter 10 to find, discover
  • invideō invidēre, invīdī, invīsus
    2ND Chapter 31 to envy (+ dat.)
  • iubeō iubēre, iussī, iussus
    2ND Chapter 21 to order
  • iungō iungere, iūnxī, iūnctus
    3RD Chapter 13 to join
  • iuvō iuvāre, iūvī, iūtus
    1ST Chapter 4 to help; please
L
6 verbs
  • labōrō labōrāre, labōrāvī, labōrātum
    1ST Chapter 21 to work
  • laudō laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus
    1ST Chapter 1 to praise
  • legō legere, lēgī, lēctus
    3RD Chapter 18 to choose, collect; read
  • līberō līberāre, līberāvī, līberātus
    1ST Chapter 19 to free
  • licet licuit, or, licitum est
    def. Chapter 37 it is permitted; (+ subj.) although
  • loquor loquī, locūtus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to speak
M
12 verbs
  • mālō mālle, māluī
    irr. Chapter 32 to prefer
  • maneō manēre, mānsī, mānsus
    2ND Chapter 5 to remain
  • metuō metuere, metuī
    3RD Chapter 38 to fear, dread
  • minuō minuere, minuī, minūtus
    3RD Chapter 30 to lessen
  • mīror mīrārī, mīrātus sum
    dep. Chapter 35 to wonder, be astonished
  • misceō miscēre, miscuī, mixtus
    2ND Chapter 18 to mix, mingle
  • mittō mittere, mīsī, missus
    3RD Chapter 11 to send; release, let go
  • mōlior mōlīrī, mōlītus
    dep. Chapter 34 to work at, devise
  • moneō monēre, monuī, monitus
    2ND Chapter 1 to warn, advise
  • morior morī, mortuus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to die
  • moveō movēre, mōvī, mōtus
    2ND Chapter 18 to move
  • mūtō mūtāre, mūtāvī, mūtātus
    1ST Chapter 14 to change
N
12 verbs
  • narrō –āre, –āvī, –ātum
    1ST Chapter 24 to tell, report, recount
  • nāscor nāscī, nātus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to be born, come into being
  • nāvigō nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus
    1ST Chapter 17 to sail, navigate
  • necō necārī, necāvī, necātus
    irr. Chapter 7 to kill
  • neglegō neglegere, neglēxī, neglēctus
    3RD Chapter 17 to disregard, neglect
  • negō negāre, negāvī, negātus
    1ST Chapter 25 to deny, refuse
  • nesciō nescīre, nescīvī/nesciī, nescītus
    4TH Chapter 25 to not know
  • noceō nocēre, nocuī, nocitus
    2ND Chapter 35 to harm
  • nōlō nōlle, nōluī
    irr. Chapter 32 to be unwilling (+ inf.)
  • nōscō nōscere, nōvī, nōtus
    3RD Chapter 30 to learn, know
  • nūbō nūbere, nūpsī, nūptum
    3RD Chapter 35 to marry
  • nūntiō nuntiāre, nuntiāvī, nuntiātus
    1ST Chapter 25 to announce
O
8 verbs
  • occidō occidere, occidī, occāsus
    3RD Chapter 31 to go down; set; fall
  • ōdī ōdisse
    def. Chapter 20 to hate
  • offerō offerre, obtulī, oblātus
    irr. Chapter 31 to offer, present
  • oportet oportēre, oportuit
    def. Chapter 39 it is proper/right
  • oppugnō oppugnāre, oppugnāvī, oppugnātus
    1ST Chapter 39 to attack
  • ōrnō ōrnāre, ōrnāvī, ōrnātus
    1ST Chapter 39 to equip, decorate
  • orō orāre, orāvī, orātus
    1ST Chapter 36 to pray, plead
  • ostendō ostendere, ostendī
    3RD Chapter 23 to show
P
19 verbs
  • parcō parcere, pepercī, parsus
    3RD Chapter 35 to spare (+ dat.)
  • pāreō pārēre, pāruī, pāritus
    2ND Chapter 35 to obey, appear, be present
  • parō parāre, parāvī, parātus
    1ST Chapter 19 to prepare
  • pateō patēre, patuī
    2ND Chapter 32 to be open
  • patior patī, passus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to permit, endure
  • pellō pellere, pepulī, pulsus
    3RD Chapter 24 to drive (off), strike
  • pereō perīre, periī, peritūs
    irr. Chapter 37 to perish
  • persuādeō persuādēre, persuāsī, persuāsus
    2ND Chapter 35 to persuade
  • petō petere, petiī/petīvī, petītus
    3RD Chapter 23 to seek, go towards
  • placeō placēre, placuī, placitum
    2ND Chapter 35 to please
  • pōnō pōnere, posuī, positus
    3RD Chapter 27 to place
  • possum posse, potuī
    irr. Chapter 6 to be able
  • praestō praestāre, praestitī, praestitus
    1ST Chapter 28 to be outstanding
  • premō premere, pressī, pressus
    3RD Chapter 23 to press
  • proficīscor proficīscī, profectus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to set forth
  • prohibeō prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitus
    2ND Chapter 20 to prevent
  • prōmittō prōmittere, prōmīsī, prōmissus
    3RD Chapter 32 to send forth, let loose; promise
  • pugnō pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum
    1ST Chapter 29 to fight
  • putō putāre, putāvī, putātus
    1ST Chapter 25 to think
Q
2 verbs
  • quaerō quaerere, quaesiī/quaesīvī, quaesītus
    3RD Chapter 24 to seek
  • queror querī, questus sum
    dep. Chapter 38 to complain
R
15 verbs
  • rapiō rapere, rapuī, raptus
    3RD-IO Chapter 21 to seize, carry off
  • recipiō recipere, recēpī, receptus
    3RD-IO Chapter 24 to take back
  • recitō recitāre, recitāvī, recitātus
    1ST Chapter 17 to read aloud
  • recognōscō recognōscere, recognōvī, recognitus
    3RD Chapter 38 to examine
  • redeō redīre, rediī, reditum
    irr. Chapter 37 to go back
  • referō referre, rettulī, relātus
    irr. Chapter 31 to bring back
  • regō regere, rēxī, rēctus
    3RD Chapter 16 to rule
  • relinquō relinquere, relīquī, relictus
    3RD Chapter 21 to abandon
  • remaneō remanēre, remānsī, remānsus
    2ND Chapter 5 to stay behind
  • reperiō reperīre, repperī, repertus
    4TH Chapter 40 to find out
  • requiēscō requiēscere, requiēvī, requiētum
    3RD Chapter 37 to rest
  • requīrō requīrere, requīsīvī, requīsītus
    3RD Chapter 36 to seek
  • respondeō respondēre, respondī, respōnsus
    2ND Chapter 29 to answer
  • rīdeō rīdēre, rīsī, rīsus
    2ND Chapter 24 to laugh
  • rogō rogāre, rogāvī, rogātus
    1ST Chapter 30 to ask
S
16 verbs
  • salveō –ēre
    def. Chapter 1 to be well; imperative
  • sapiō sapere, sapivī
    3RD-IO Chapter 35 to discern; taste of; be intelligent
  • sciō scīre, scīvī/sciī, scītus
    4TH Chapter 21 to know
  • scrībō scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptus
    3RD Chapter 8 to write
  • sedeō sedēre, sēdī, sessus
    2ND Chapter 34 to sit
  • sentiō sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsus
    4TH Chapter 11 to perceive
  • sequor sequī, secūtus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to follow, come next
  • serviō servīre, servīvī, servītus
    4TH Chapter 35 to serve
  • servō servāre, servāvī, servātus
    1ST Chapter 1 to save
  • soleō solēre, solitus sum
    dep. Chapter 37 to be accustomed
  • spectō spectāre, spectāvī, spectātus
    1ST Chapter 34 to look at
  • spērō spērāre, spērāvī, spērātus
    1ST Chapter 25 to hope
  • stō stāre, stetī, statum
    1ST Chapter 13 to stand
  • studeō studēre, studuī
    2ND Chapter 35 to be eager
  • sum esse, fuī, futūrus
    irr. Chapter 1 to be
  • surgō surgere, surrēxī, surrēctus
    3RD Chapter 29 to rise
T
9 verbs
  • taceō tacēre, tacuī, tacitus
    2ND Chapter 28 to be silent
  • tangō tangere, tetigī, tāctus
    3RD Chapter 21 to touch
  • teneō tenēre, tenuī, tentus
    2ND Chapter 14 to hold
  • terreō terrēre, terruī, territus
    2ND Chapter 1 to terrify
  • timeō timēre, timuī
    2ND Chapter 15 to fear
  • tollō tollere, sustulī, sublātus
    3RD Chapter 22 to raise; destroy
  • trādō trādere, trādidī, trāditus
    3RD Chapter 33 to hand over; report
  • trahō trahere, trāxī, tractus
    3RD Chapter 8 to drag
  • trānseō trānsīre, trānsīvī/trānsiī, trānsitus
    irr. Chapter 39 to go across
U
1 verb
  • ūtor ūtī, ūsus sum
    dep. Chapter 34 to use
V
11 verbs
  • valeō valēre, valuī, valitus
    2ND Chapter 1 to be strong, be worth
  • vendō vendere, vendidī, venditus
    3RD Chapter 38 to sell
  • veniō venīre, vēnī, ventum
    4TH Chapter 10 to come
  • vereor verērī, veritus sum
    dep. Chapter 40 to fear
  • vertō vertere, vertī, versus
    3RD Chapter 23 to turn
  • videō vidēre, vīdī, vīsus
    2ND Chapter 1 to see
  • vincō vincere, vīcī, victus
    3RD Chapter 8 to conquer
  • vītō vītāre, vītāvī, vītātus
    1ST Chapter 14 to avoid, shun
  • vīvō vīvere, vīxī, vīctus
    3RD Chapter 10 to live
  • vocō vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus
    1ST Chapter 1 to call
  • volō velle, voluī
    irr. Chapter 32 to wish

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Last updated April 2026.